TRANSFORMASI KURIKULUM DI INDONESIA DARI KBK, KTSP, K13, HINGGA IMPLEMENTASI MERDEKA BELAJAR DAN FULL DAY SCHOOL

Abstrak

Transformasi kurikulum di Indonesia mencerminkan dinamika perubahan paradigma pendidikan nasional yang berupaya menjawab tantangan zaman dan kebutuhan peserta didik. Sejak era Kurikulum Berbasis Kompetensi (KBK) yang menekankan pengembangan kompetensi dan pemahaman holistik siswa, perubahan berlanjut ke Kurikulum Tingkat Satuan Pendidikan (KTSP) yang memberikan otonomi lebih kepada sekolah dalam menyusun kurikulum sesuai karakteristik lokal, meski menghadapi tantangan dalam standarisasi dan implementasi Kurikulum 2013 (K13) hadir dengan pendekatan saintifik, pembelajaran tematik integratif, serta penekanan pada penguatan karakter dan keterampilan abad ke-21, namun realisasinya di lapangan masih menghadapi kendala kesiapan guru dan infrastruktur. Reformasi berlanjut melalui kebijakan Merdeka Belajar yang memberikan kebebasan lebih besar kepada sekolah dan guru dalam merancang pembelajaran sesuai kebutuhan dan potensi lokal, serta mendorong inovasi dan kreativitas dalam proses belajar-mengajar. Selain itu, implementasi kebijakan Full Day School turut menjadi respons terhadap kebutuhan penguatan karakter dan peningkatan waktu belajar siswa. Setiap perubahan kurikulum membawa kelebihan dan kekurangan, serta menuntut evaluasi berkelanjutan agar sistem pendidikan Indonesia semakin relevan, adaptif, dan mampu mempersiapkan generasi muda menghadapi tantangan global tanpa kehilangan identitas budaya bangsa.

The transformation of curriculum in Indonesia reflects the dynamic evolution of the national education paradigm aimed at addressing contemporary challenges and meeting the needs of learners. Beginning with the Competency-Based Curriculum (KBK), which emphasized the development of competencies and holistic understanding of students, the reform continued with the School-Based Curriculum (KTSP) that granted schools greater autonomy to design curricula tailored to local characteristics, despite facing challenges in standardization and implementation. The 2013 Curriculum (K13) introduced a scientific approach, integrative thematic learning, and a strong focus on character building and 21st-century skills; however, its implementation encountered obstacles related to teacher readiness and infrastructure. The reform progressed further with the Merdeka Belajar (Freedom to Learn) policy, providing even greater freedom for schools and teachers to design learning processes aligned with local needs and potentials, encouraging innovation and creativity in teaching and learning. Additionally, the implementation of Full Day School policy responded to the need for strengthening character education and increasing student learning time. Each curriculum change brought advantages and challenges, necessitating continuous evaluation to ensure Indonesia’s education system remains relevant, adaptive, and capable of preparing young generations to face global challenges without losing the nation’s cultural identity.